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Arditi del Popolo
The ''Arditi del Popolo'' (People's Squads) was an Italian militant anti-fascist group founded at the end of June 1921 to resist the rise of Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party and the violence of the Blackshirts (''squadristi'') paramilitaries.〔(Gli Arditi del Popolo (Birth) ) 〕 It grouped revolutionary trade-unionists, socialists, communists, anarchists, republicans, etc., as well as some former military officers, and was co-founded by Mingrino, Argo Secondari, Gino Lucetti – who tried to assassinate Mussolini on 11 September 1926 – the deputy Guido Picelli and others. The ''Arditi del Popolo'' were an offshoot of the ''Arditi'' elite troops, who had previously occupied Fiume in 1919 behind the poet Gabriele d'Annunzio, who proclaimed the Italian Regency of Carnaro. Those who split to form the ''Arditi del Popolo'' were close to the anarchist Argo Secondari and were supported by Mario Carli. The ''formazioni di difesa proletaria'' (Proletarian Defense Formations) later merged with them. The ''Arditi'' gathered approximately 20,000 members in summer 1921.〔(Gli Arditi del Popolo: I numeri dell'organizzazione ) 〕
== Relations with the workers' movement and organized parties ==
Composed of socialists, anarchists and communists, the ''Arditi del Popolo'' was not supported by the socialist parties (neither by the Italian Socialist Party, PSI, nor by the Communist Party of Italy, PCI). The ''Arditi'' were criticized by the socialist newspaper ''Avanti!'' on July 7, 1921, following a demonstration in Rome the previous day.
On July 10, 1921, Lenin wrote in the ''Pravda'' an article praising the ''Arditi'' and criticizing the Bordigan tendency of the PCI which opposed militant anti-fascism.〔 On August 3, 1921, the PSI signed a "pacification pact" (''patto di pacificazione'') with the National Fascist Party, while the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia. Furthermore, the PCI ordered its members to quit the organization because of the presence of non-communists in its ranks.〔(Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919-22 ), Antonio Sonnessa, Goldsmiths' College, University of London, in the ''European History Quarterly'', Vol. 33, No. 2, 183-218 (2003)〕〔(The resistible rise of Benito Mussolini and Italy's fascists ), ''Socialist Worker'', 16 November 2002 〕 The PCI organized by themselves some militant groups (the ''Squadre comuniste d'azione''), but their actions were relatively minor and the party kept a non-violent, legalist strategy.
The Bordigan tendency was opposed by the Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci,〔(Article in favour of the ''Arditi del Popolo'' ) by Antonio Gramsci in ''L'Ordine Nuovo'', 15 July 1921 . (Archived ) 2009-10-25.〕 and many communist activists, who supported the ''Arditi''.〔(Gli Arditi del Popolo: la storia ) 〕 In October 1921, the Comintern criticized the "sectarian policy" of the PCI, who threatened those of its members who supported the ''Arditi'' with disciplinary measures.〔 However, after the alignement of Gramsci and of ''L'Ordine Nuovo'' to the PCI's direction, the anarchist ''Umanità Nova'' newspaper remained the sole mouthpiece of the workers' movement which supported the ''Arditi del Popolo''.〔
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